The approaches differ in where they draw the boundary. Namespaces use the same kernel but restrict visibility. Seccomp uses the same kernel but restricts the allowed syscall set. Projects like gVisor use a completely separate user-space kernel and make minimal host syscalls. MicroVMs provide a dedicated guest kernel and a hardware-enforced boundary. Finally, WebAssembly provides no kernel access at all, relying instead on explicit capability imports. Each step is a qualitatively different boundary, not just a stronger version of the same thing.
简单讲，要做L3，需要先做L2积累数据。那么要做L4，也一样依赖L3的数据。技术上他们是一脉相承的，不存在一口就能吃个胖子的技术路线。。关于这个话题，雷电模拟器官方版本下载提供了深入分析
，这一点在搜狗输入法2026中也有详细论述
NFTs also contain smart contracts—small computer programs that run on the blockchain—that give the artist, for example, a cut of any future sale of the token.
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